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cardiac psychology
Cardiac psychology is a specialization of health psychology that focuses on the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease by incorporating strategies to address the emotional and behavioral barriers to lifestyle changes (e.g. smoking cessation), and that seeks to enhance recovery in cardiac patients by means of providing patients tools (e.g. stress management and psychotherapy) to cope with life and physical changes associated with their disease. Cardiac psychologists can help cardiac patients across the lifespan: prevention, pre-surgery, post-surgery, and rehabilitation of cardiac disease with a particular emphasis on achieving optimal quality of life outcomes.
Cardiac psychology also includes both research and clinical practice aspects. Research labs have been founded at Tilburg University, Tilburg Netherlands〔(Tilburg University )〕 led by Dr. Susanne Pedersen,〔(Susanne Pedersen )〕 and at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina〔East Carolina University, (''Cardiac Psychology'' )〕 led by Dr. Samuel Sears,〔(Samuel F. Sears, Jr. )〕 that focus on psychological aspects of cardiac disease. Cardiac psychology as a term was first used by Robert Allan, PhD, and Stephen Schiedt, MD, as a title of their 1996 book, ''Heart and Mind: The Practice of Cardiac Psychology'' and launched increased attention to the clinical practice of cardiac psychology. More recently, additional texts, such as ''Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients'', (2008) by Ellen Dornelas,〔(Ellen Dornelas )〕 have attempted to update the literature related to clinical techniques used in the care of cardiac patients. Significant research reviews have also been published spanning psychological factors in cardiac care,〔Dimsdale, D.E. (2008). Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. ''Journal of the American College of Cardiology'', 51, 1237–46.〕〔Rozanski, A.; Blumenthal, J.; Davidson, K.; Saab, P. & Kubzansky, L. (2005). The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice. ''Journal of the American College of Cardiology'', 45, 637–51〕 implantable electronic medical devices (pacemaker, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, etc.)〔Pedersen, S.S.; van den Broek, K.C.; van den Berg, M.; Theuns, D. (2010). Shock as a determinant of poor patient-centered outcomes in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: Is there more to it than meets the eye? ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' (In press).〕〔Sears, S.; Matchett, M.; Conti, J. Effective management of ICD patient psychosocial issues and patient critical events. ''J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol'' 2009; 20(11): 1297–304.〕 and congestive heart failure.〔Rutledge, T.; Reis, V.A.; Linke, S.E.; Greenberg, B.H. & Mills, P.J. (2006). Depression in congestive heart failure: A meta-analytic review of prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomes. ''Journal of the American College of Cardiology'', 48, 1527–37.〕
==Milestones==
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